In mountain regions of developing countries, food insecurity, social isolation, environmental degradation, exposure to the risk of disasters and the impacts of climate change, and limited access to basic services are still prevalent. Climatic variability is seriously threatening mountain environments and communities, and its negative impacts are forecasted to worsen in the coming century. It is hoped that the results of this study may induce governments and other stakeholders to conduct more in-depth investigations on mountain stressors and on better identification of the most vulnerable groups; to promote the conservation and sustainable use of mountain biodiversity; to support sustainable food systems, by recognizing the economic and environmental role of family farming to make it a driver of progress and inclusive growth in mountains.